Culture Consists of the Following:

Culture Consists of the Following:Language—transmission and thought Values—culturally defined standardsNorms—rules and expectationsSanctions—rewards/punishmentsObjects/Items—material specific thingsSymbols—carry cultural meaningTypes of culture*Popular culture—cultural patterns that are widespread*High culture—trends of the elite*Subculture—patterns that are set apart from some segment of society’s population*Counterculture—patterns that strongly oppose widely accepted patternsCultural Perspectives*Cultural Relativism: Viewing people’s behaviors from the perspective of their culture—exhibiting value neutrality*Ethnocetrism: tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life represent the norm and are superior to all othersOf course, There exist cultural commonalitiesDiffusion can occur through a variety of means.Exploration, Military conquest, Missionary work, Mass media, Tourism, Internet\How do we learn culture and social roles?  —Socialization? SOCIALIZATION: The process of SOCIAL INTERACTION through which we acquire personality and learn the rights, obligations, and behaviors of our position in society. Socialization achieves two things:1) gives each person their position in society     identity (self)/ personality2) reproduces a particular culture and societyEarly childhood socialization is the key*learn sociability*learn languageExamples:*isolated children*experimentally isolated monkeys*humans are like a blank micro-chip at birth that is yet to be writte onLater socialization is important too:*personality*culture*valuesFour Social Science Theories of Personality1) Geneticism• Focus on inborn traits• Mainly limited to DISEASES2) Freud• Focus on Early parental interactions• Model of personality:? ID: inborn drives? SUPEREGO: internalized parental authority? EGO: reconciles id and superego Psychoanalysis helps ego move early conflicts between id and superego from unconscious to conscious and thus resolve3) Behaviorism*focus exclusively on ENVIRONMENT*Pavlov’s dogs salivate at bell*B.F. Skinner’s rained pigeons*all behavior is learned by POSITIVE and NEGATIVE feedback*humans are learning machines*children are said to have “behavior problems”?Cooley’s “Looking Glass Self”*self emerges by seeing it reflected in people’s responses to us *we anticipate how others will treat us and adjust our self-image and behavior*therefore, SELF and SOCIETY (others) are TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN?Mead: The key to socialization is taking on ROLES – an active process.*learn the ability to see ourselves as others see us*imitation=>play (role taking) =>games=>generalized other*this is achieved by “taking the role of the other”?Cooley and Mead allow us to see how society CLONES itself through REPRODUCING PEOPLE who embody its particular values AND how we are active participants in this.
Primary Groups: small, personal, long-lastingSecondary groups: large membership, impersonal, temporalConformity Studies: Milgram, Zimbardo

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